Apa Style Guide Essay Example
Apa Style Guide Essay Example

Apa Style Guide Essay Example

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The text below provides a summary of the rules from the 5th Edition of the APA Publication Manual. For more information, please visit APA Writing Style. The 5th Edition of the APA STYLE GUIDE, released in June 2008, requires citations to have a hanging indent and be double spaced. However, for space-saving purposes, the following citations are single spaced. APA also mandates double spacing for citations. Here are the citation rules:

A. Books
Typical book entry - single author
Arnheim, R. (1971). Art and visual perception. Berkeley: University of California Press.

When providing publishing information, it is important to include the full names of associations and university presses. However, unnecessary terms like "Publishers," "Co.," or "Inc." should be avoided. If there are multiple locations listed, use the first one or the publisher's

...

home office. In cases where the publisher is a university and the state (or province) is already mentioned in the name of the university, do not repeat it in the location of the publisher. If both author and publisher are identical, refer to them as "Author" (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).Washington, D. C. : Author Multiple authors When a work has up to (and including) six authors, all authors should be cited. When a work has more than six authors, cite the first six followed by "et al." Festinger, L. , Riecken, H. , ;Schachter, S. (1956).When prophecy fails.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Roeder, K. , Howdeshell, J. , Fulton, L. , Lochhead, M. , Craig, K. , Peterson, R. , et.al.(1967).Nerve cells and insect behavior.Cambridge, MA:   Harvard University Press.Corporate authorship Institute of Financia

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Education.1982).Managing personal funds.Chicago: Midwestern.No author identified Experimental psychology.(1938).New York: Holt.Citing items in an anthology/chapter in edited book Rubenstein, J. P. (1967).The effect of television violence on small children.In B. F. Kane (Ed.), Television and juvenile psychological development (pp.112-134).New York: American Psychological Society.Reprinted or republished chapter Freud, S. (1961).The ego and the id.In J. Strachey (Ed.and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol.19, pp.3-66).London: Hogarth Press.Original work published 1923) Following the entry, enclose "Original work published" in parentheses, noting the original date.Chapter in a volume in a series Maccoby, E. E. , ;Martin, J. (1983).Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction.

The citation for a multivolume work titled "Handbook of child psychology: Vol.4.Socialization, personality, and social development" is as follows:
In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) ;E. M. Hetherington (Vol.Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol.4.Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp.1-101).New York: Wiley.

For the multivolume work titled "Handbook of teratology", the citation is as follows:
Wilson, J. G. , ;Fraser, F. C. (Eds.).(1977-1978).Handbook of teratology (Vols.1-4).New York: Plenum Press.

When listing a multivolume work, it is important to include the publication dates for all volumes. The volumes should be identified in parentheses immediately after the book title. There should not be a period between the title and the parenthetical information. The entire title, including the volume information, should be closed with a period. For edited collections, such as Higgins' "Psychology" (1988) or Grice and Gregory's "Early language development" (1968), the same rules apply. When citing specific editions of a book, like Brockett's "History of the theatre" (5th ed., 1987), the same formatting should be used.

Include the

edition information in parentheses immediately after the book's title. This can be "5th ed." or "rev. ed." Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information. Translated works should also include the translator's name and the original publication date in parentheses.

Proceedings should have the names of the authors, year of publication, and conference or symposium title. If applicable, include volume number, proceedings title, page numbers, and publishing institution name.

When citing articles in journals with continuous pagination, provide author's name, publication year, article title, journal name, volume number, and page numbers.

For articles in journals with non-continuous pagination, follow the same format as above

Sawyer (1966) explains the proper citation format for journal articles. When citing a journal, include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number. Comma should be used between the issue number and page numbers, but not between the volume number (in italics) and the issue number. If there are no volume numbers, use "pp." before the page numbers to indicate pagination. For articles that are only one page long, use "p." instead. In monthly periodicals like Chandler-Crisp's "Aerobic writing" (1988, May) in the Writing Lab Newsletter, precede page numbers with "pp.". Weekly periodicals like Kauffmann's "On films: class consciousness" (1993, October 18) in The New Republic use a single "p." before the page number. Newspaper articles such as Monson's "Urbana firm obstacle to office project" (1993, September 16) in The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette have "pp." before multiple page numbers. Articles without identified authors like "Clinton puts 'human face' on health-care plan" (1993, September 16) in The New York Times also use "p." before a single page number.

Lastly, articles

that are reprinted or republished, such as Clark and Zimmerman's "Professional roles and activities as models for art education" (1988) from Studies in Art Education (1986), have a different citation format. These articles include information about the book they were reprinted from. After the entry, place "Reprinted from" in brackets to indicate that it is a citation from another publication. This should be followed by information about the original publication. Conclude with a period.

ERIC Documents (Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center) Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No.NCRTL-RR-92-4).

The National Center for Research on Teacher Learning in East Lansing, MI has published a document titled "ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082." In addition, a dissertation titled "Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and non-referring supervisors" can be found in "Dissertation Abstracts International" (DAI), volume 54, issue 01, on page 534B. This dissertation with the UMI No. 9315947 was obtained from the university. It was completed as a doctoral dissertation at Cornell University in 1990 and is titled "Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup."

The article "Dissertation Abstracts International" (volume 51, page 417) from the journal provides guidelines for citing dissertations. It suggests including the university and year of the dissertation, as well as the volume and page numbers from Dissertation Abstract International. When citing interviews, like one conducted in 1993 between N. Archer and Helen Burns, it is important to include relevant details. If an interview does not have a title, provide a description of

the interview within brackets. If the interview has a title, include it (without quotation marks) after the year and provide additional description within brackets if necessary.

Unpublished interviews are considered "personal communications" and do not require a reference page entry, as they do not provide recoverable data (Publication Manual of the APA). To cite an unpublished interview, include the interviewee's first initial and last name, the type of communication, and the date of the interview (N. Archer, personal interview, October 11, 1993). When citing films or videotapes, use [Motion picture] instead of Film and Videotape. The film titled "Levels of consciousness" was produced by P. B. Weir and directed by B. F. Harrison in 1992; it was released by Filmways in Boston, MA.

This paragraph provides a list of individuals involved in the creation of a motion picture videotape, and their respective roles (indicated in parentheses). It also mentions the distributor's name and location. When referring to recordings, it is essential to include several details such as the writer's name, copyright date, song title (if different from the writer), performing artist, album title, recording medium (e.g., CD, record, cassette), location, label, and recording date (if different from copyright). An example is Bobby McFerrin serving as the vocalist for "Medicine Music," which can be found on a cassette recording. This particular recording was distributed by EMI-USA and produced in Hollywood, CA in 1990.

The modern electronic information can be found in various forms such as aggregated databases, online journals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, Web- or email-based discussion groups or Web or email-based newsletters. Pagination is usually not available for electronic references and is therefore excluded

from the citation. The APA Manual provides a concise section on formatting electronic references on pages 268-281. To see more examples, please visit http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html. When citing computer software, follow this format: Arend, Dominic N. (1993). Choices (Version 4.0) [Computer software].

The software's proprietary rights holder(s) are named at the beginning of the entry, with last names listed first, followed by a period (CERL Report No. CH7-22510). If there are no proprietary rights holders, consider the reference unauthored. The title should not be italicized. Use brackets to indicate that the source is computer software, program, or language. Include the location and name of the organization responsible for producing the program. At the end of the entry, provide any other necessary information for identifying the program (such as the report number) in parentheses.

To reference a manual, follow the same format as above but add "manual" as the source in the bracketed information. Do not add a period at the end of a citation if it ends in a web address.

Full-Text Database (i.e., book, magazine, newspaper article or report) The second date following is the date the user retrieved the material. No period follows an Internet Web address.
Schneiderman, R. A. (1997). Librarians can make sense of the Net. San Antonio Business Journal, 11, 58+. Retrieved January 27, 1999 from EBSCO Masterfile database.

Article in an Internet-only journal
Kawasaki, J.L., & Raven, M.R. (1995). Computer-administered surveys in extension. Journal of Extension, 33, 252-255. Retrieved June 2, 1999 from http://joe.org/joe/index.html

Article in an Internet-only newsletter
Waufton,K.K.(1999,April).Dealing with anthrax.Telehealth News ,3(2), Retrieved December16 ,2000 from http://www.telehearlth.net/subscribe/newslettr_5b.html#1

Internet technical or research reports
University of California,San Francisco Institute for Health and Aging.(1996 November).Chronic care in America: A21st century

challenge.Retrieved September9 ,2000fromtheRobertWoodFoundation Website:http://www.wjf.org/library/chrcare

Document created by private organization,no page numbers,no date Greater Hattiesburg Civic Awareness Group Task Force on Sheltered Programs.(n.d.).Fund-raising effortsThe document was retrieved on November 10, 2001, from http://www.hattiesburgcag. In situations where the author and date of a document are absent, it is crucial to use the date when the website was accessed and attempt to identify the organization or author associated with it. If no author can be found, it is advisable not to mention one. This particular document belongs to a university program or department and is authored by McNeese, M. N. (2001).

The use of technology in educational settings is discussed in an article titled "Using technology in educational settings" retrieved from the University of Southern Mississippi, Educational Leadership and Research Web site on October 13, 2001 (source). When citing personal communications such as emails, newsgroups, online forums, discussion groups, and electronic mailing lists, they should not be included in reference lists but can be cited within the text using the person's name and the date of communication (Smith, Fred "personal communication," January 21, 1999). In APA style, only the author's last name is used within the document and in-text citations.

The text has a specific format for mentioning an author's name and date of publication. If the author's name is mentioned in the text, it is followed by the date of publication in parentheses, as shown with Bolles (2000) who provides a practical and detailed approach to job hunting. If the author's name does not appear in the text itself, it is included in the parenthetical citation along with a comma and the date

of publication. For example, Bolter (2001) explains that interactive fiction allows readers to freely navigate through a text and actively contribute to its creation.

When citing the same source within a paragraph, there is no need to include the year of publication. It is important to always include both names when citing sources with two authors in text. According to Katzenbach and Smith (1993), a team is defined as "a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable" (p. 45).

Authors mentioned in the text should be connected using "and", unless their names are in parentheses, in which case an ampersand (;) should be used. According to Katzenbach & Smith (1993, p. 45), a team is defined as "a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable". If there are three, four, or five authors.

According to Cogdill, Fanderclai, Kilborn, and Williams (2001), it is necessary to include all authors when citing a work with three, four, or five authors for the first time. They argue that making backchannel overtly available for study would involve making its presence and content visible and persistent which would impact the nature of the backchannel and raise social and ethical concerns (p. 109). In subsequent citations, only the name of the first author followed by et al. should be used. Cogdill et al. (2001) also argue that backchannel is characterized by multiple threads, substantiality, and adherence to various social conventions (p. 109).

If there are six or more authors, cite only the last name of the first author followed by et al. in all citations. Adkins et al. (2001) conducted a study on the use of collaborative technology during a multinational civil-military exercise.

When citing a document that includes sources by two authors with the same last name, it is necessary to include the first and middle initials of each author in all text citations. Both R. P. Allen (1994) and D. N. Allen (1998) have conducted studies on the effects of email monitoring in the workplace.
To properly cite multiple sources, it is important to place the authors' names in parentheses in alphabetical order, followed by the year of publication and separated by a semicolon. As a result, hypertext significantly changes the process of information retrieval (Bolter 2001; Bush, 1945; Landow 1997).

When the author's identity is unknown, replace their name with an abbreviated title and include the date. Article or chapter titles should be enclosed in quotation marks, while book, periodical, brochure, and report titles should be underlined. The use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems has seen a significant rise over the past five years as businesses strive to meet customer needs and improve their profits ("Making CRM Work"). Placement for citing quoted material.

The placement of the parenthetical citation for a quote depends on where the quoted material is within the sentence. If the quotation appears in midsentence, it is recommended to "lurk (i.e., read all the messages without contributing anything) for a few weeks, to ensure that you don't break any of the rules of netiquette" (Branscomb, 1998, p.7). If the quotation

appears at the end of the sentence, Branscomb (1998) argues that when joining a listserv, it is advised to "lurk (i.e., read all the messages without contributing anything) for a few weeks, to ensure that you don't break any of the rules of netiquette" (p.7).

According to Bolles (2000),the most effective method for job hunting is the creative job hunting approach.This approach involves identifying your top skills and favorite knowledge areas,researching potential employers,and connecting with t he person in the organization who has authority to hire you for t he desired position.Bolles suggests that this approach should be implemented by utilizing your contacts to arrange a meeting with th e relevant individual.

By following this method consistently, 86 out of every 100 job-seekers who try it are able to find employment (57). To learn more about citing electronic sources, you can visit http://www.apastyle.org. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001) provides a comprehensive reference guide for writing in APA style, covering both organization and content. If you wish to purchase a copy of the Publication Manual online, you can go to http://www.apa.org/books/4200060.html. Please note that Adobe Acrobat Reader is needed to view any "PDF" documents mentioned on this APA Style Essentials page.

To download the free Acrobat Reader, visit http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. The purpose of this document is to provide a common core of elements of APA style that all members of an academic department can adopt as minimal standards for any assignment that specifies APA style. This Web document is not a model of APA style itself. To view an example of a complete article formatted according to

APA style, go to http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/prayer.pdf. For an undergraduate research proposal example, visit http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/psychproposal.pdf. To download a Microsoft Word template for an APA-style paper, go to http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty/DDegelman/psychapa.doc

I. General Document Guidelines
A. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
B. Font Size and Type: 12-pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces)
C. Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables and figure captions.
D.

Spacing after punctuation should consist of one space instead of two. Alignment should be flush left to create an uneven right margin. Paragraphs should be indented by 5-7 spaces. The page number on every page (except Figures) should be positioned one inch from the right edge of the paper, starting from the title page. On every page (except Figures), the first two or three words of the paper title should be placed five spaces to the left of the page number, starting from the title page.

Manuscript page headers are employed in the editorial process for identifying manuscript pages. With most word processors, the manuscript page header and page number can be inserted into a header, which will then automatically show on all pages. I. Active voice: It is generally advised to use the active voice instead of the passive voice. For instance, use "We predicted that..." instead of "It was predicted that...". J. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References, Appendixes, Footnotes, Tables, Figure Captions, Figures II. Title Page K. Pagination: The Title Page corresponds to page 1.

L. The manuscript contains the title of the paper, author(s), affiliation(s) of the author, and

a running head.

M. The title should be centered on the page and written in both uppercase and lowercase letters.

N. The author(s) should also be centered below the title, using a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

O. The institutional affiliation should be centered below the author(s), using both uppercase and lowercase letters.

P. The running head, which must not exceed 50 characters including punctuation and spacing, is typed flush left (in all uppercase) after "Running head:" on the line under the manuscript page header.

According to APA format guidelines, the running head should be included on the title page of published articles. An example of an APA-formatted title page can be found at http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/titlepage.pdf.

The abstract, which is a concise summary of the paper, should start on page 2 and be centered below the manuscript page header. It should follow block format and not exceed 120 words.

All numbers in the abstract should be typed as digits instead of words, except for those that start a sentence. U. Example of APA-formatted Abstract: http://www. vanguard. edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/abstract. pdf IV. Body V. Pagination: The body of the paper starts on a new page (page 3). Subsections within the body do not begin on separate pages. W. Title: The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered below the manuscript page header on the first line. X. Introduction: The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line following the paper title.

Headings play a crucial role in organizing documents and indicating the relative importance of different sections. In empirical research articles, headings like Method, Results, Discussion, and References are commonly used. The Method section often includes subheadings

such as Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure. You can find an example of APA-formatted headings at http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/headings.pdf.
Main headings (in papers with one or two levels of headings) are centered with uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Method, Results, Discussion, References). Subheadings (in papers with two levels of headings) are italicized and flush left with uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Participants, Apparatus, Procedure as subsections of the Method section).
When including information from external sources in a paper, it is important to cite the author(s) and date(s) to give proper credit to their ideas and words. The complete citation can be found in the list of references at the end of the paper.

Z. According to Wirth and Mitchell (1994), the treatment condition resulted in a lower insulin dosage over two weeks compared to the control condition, but this difference was not statistically significant.

When the authors of a source are not part of the sentence structure, both the authors and year of publication appear in parentheses. The example in the following section can be compared to this. Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion and health have found that certain religious behaviors are linked to better physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne et al., 1991). Note: &amp is used when multiple authors are identified parenthetically. Also note that when multiple sources are cited parenthetically, they should be ordered alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated by semicolons. For a source with two authors, both authors' names should be included every time it

is cited. For a source with three or more authors, all authors' names should be included for the initial citation but only the first author's surname followed by "et al." abbreviation should be used for subsequent citations. Consider another example: Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne et al., 1991).When citing sources with six or more authors, only the last name of the first author should be mentioned followed by "et al." for all citations. It is important to include only those sources that have been read in the citation.

When citing a source you have not read, such as when mentioning "Grayson" as cited by "Murzynski & Degelman," use the following citation format and include only the source you have actually read in the References list: Grayson (as cited in Murzynski ; Degelman, 1996) discovered that there are four elements of body language that contribute to perceived vulnerability. When referencing personal communications like letters, emails, or telephone interviews, include the person's initials, last name, and the most accurate date available.

According to APA guidelines, personal communication is not included in the References section because it is considered unrecoverable information. Instead, when citing personal communication in the text, use the name of the person you communicated with (B. F. Skinner) followed by the date of communication (February 12, 1978), for example "B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed...". When citing a web document, follow the author-date format. If there is no identified author, use a few words from the title instead. If

no date is provided, use "n.d." instead. For instance, Degelman and Harris (2000) provide guidelines for APA writing style.Changes in Americans' perspectives on gender status differences have been recorded by Gender and Society. To cite the Bible, include the book, chapter, and verse. The first citation of the Bible in the text should also specify the version used. For instance: "You are forgiving and good, O Lord, abounding in love to all who call to you" (Psalm 86:5, New International Version). Note that a References list entry is not required for the Bible. When using a direct quotation, always provide the author, year, and page number in the citation.The text states that a quotation of fewer than 40 words should be incorporated into the sentence structure and enclosed in double quotation marks. For example, a study found that patients who received prayer had various health benefits (Byrd, 1988, p. 829). On the other hand, a longer quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted separately from the surrounding text, with each line indented five spaces from the left margin.

VII. References: All sources mentioned in the paper must be cited in the References section, and all sources cited in the paper must be included there as well. The References section begins on a new page with the heading "References" centered below the manuscript page header. The references are arranged alphabetically by the surnames of the first authors and have a hanging indent format. Typically, reference entries consist of three components.

The text offers guidelines for including authors, year of publication, and source reference in a document. Authors should be listed according to the specified

order in the source, using surnames and initials separated by commas. If there are more than six authors, only the first six are listed, with "et al." used for the remaining authors. If no author is provided, the title of the document serves as a reference. The year of publication is placed within parentheses after the authors' names and followed by a period. If no publication date is available, "n.d." is enclosed in parentheses after the authors. The source reference comprises either the title, journal (for journal articles), volume, and pages; or title, city of publication, and publisher (for books).

Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers. h. Example of APA-formatted References: Go to http://www. vanguard. edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/references. pdf i. Official APA "Electronic Reference Formats" document: Go to http://www. apastyle. org/elecref. html j. Examples of sources 6. Journal article Murzynski, J. , ; Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1617-1626. 7. Book Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 8.

The web document titled "APA style essentials" by Degelman, D., and Harris, M.L. (2000) can be found on the Vanguard University, Department of Psychology website at http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796.

A stand-alone web document called "Notable people in psychology of religion" by Nielsen, M.E. (n.d.) is accessible at http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm as of August 3, 2001.

Another stand-alone web document named "Gender and society" (n.d.) is available for retrieval from http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html as of December 3, 2001.

The text includes information about different sources of journal articles. The first

source is a journal article titled "A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression link" by Hien, D., and Honeyman, T. It was published in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence in 2000 and can be retrieved from the ProQuest database.

The second source is an abstract from a secondary database. It is titled "Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping" by Garrity, K., and Degelman, D. This abstract was published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology in 1990 and can be retrieved from the PsycINFO database.

The third source mentioned is an Internet-only journal article by Bergen, D., which discusses "The role of pretend play in children's cognition." This article does not specify a publication date but states that it was published during spring.

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